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Evrenin Kozmik Senfonisini Anlamak ! - Dünyalılar Evrenin, her şeyin, en küçük temel bileşenleri nedir? Standart Model* , hiçbir iç yapısı olmayan, nokta benzeri temel bileşimlerdir der.
Fakat, Süpersicim kuramının keşfiyle birlikte Evrenin, en küçük bileşenlerinin, mikro seviyedeki manzarasının küçük tellerden oluştuğu, bu tellerin titreşim örüntülerinin, kozmosun evrimini yönettiği öne sürülür. Sicim kuramına göre, evrenin temel bileşenleri, nokta parçacıklar değildir. Aksine küçücük, tek boyutlu iplikciklerdir. Peki, sicimler neyden yapılmıştır ? Rusların, matruşka bebeklerinin sonuncusu gibi, sicimlerin bir boyutu olsa da, neyden oluştukları sorusunun bir anlamı yoktur. Eğer, sicimler daha küçük bir şeyden oluşuyor olsalardı, temel olmazlardı. Şuan ki teknolojimize göre, metrenin milyarda birinin ,milyarda biri ölçümünde, Standart Model doğrulanmıştır. Fakat Standart Model , kütle çekimini içeremediği için, eksiksiz ya da her şeyin kuramı olamaz.
Sicim kuramı, atomları oluşturan parçacıkların, ultramikroskobik parçacıklar olduğunu ileri sürer. Sicimler o kadar küçüktür ki, ortalama uzunlukları ancak Planck uzunluğu ** kadardır. Yani, bir sicim, bir atomun çekirdeğinden yüz milyar kere milyar , 10 üzeri 20 defa küçüktür. Eğer, bugünkü teknolojik kapasitemizin çok üstünde bir teknoloji ile incelenebilirse, Standart Model ‘in, nokta parçacıklarının her birinin, aslında salınım halinde, çok küçük birer sicimden oluştuğunun görüleceği iddia edilir. Günümüzde yapılan deneylerin, maddenin mikro seviyede sicimlere dayalı doğasını çözemiyor olması şaşırtıcı değil. Çünkü, sicimler, atomaltı parçacıklar ölçeğinde bile çok ama çok küçüktür. Bir sicimin, bir nokta parçacık olmadığını doğrudan gösterebilmek için, maddeleri bugüne dek yapılmış olanlardan, milyon kere milyar kat daha yüksek bir enerjiyle çarpıştıracak bir hızlandırıcımız olması gerekiyor. Peki, bu niçin önemli ? Çünkü; Bu kuram, Genel Görelelik ile Kuantum Mekaniği arasındaki çatışmayı çözmektedir. Evrenin en büyüklerini ve en küçüklerini uyum içinde birleştirir, açıklar. Bütün maddenin ve bütün kuvvetlerin tek bir temel bileşenden, sicimlerden oluştuğunu öne sürerek birleşik bir kuram ortaya atar. Herşeyin teorisi olmaya aday bir kuramdır. Herşeyin teorisi ise Stephen Hawking`in “Tanrı`nın zihnini bilme yolunda ilk adım” olarak nitelendirdiği şeydir. Bu kurama göre, bir keman telinin oluşturduğu farklı titreşim örüntülerinin, farklı notalar oluşturması gibi, temel sicimdeki farklı titreşim örüntüleri de farklı kütleler ve kuvvet yükleri oluşturur. Kısacası, temel bir parçacığın özellikleri, kütlesi ve farklı kuvvet yükleri, içteki sicimin titreşim şekliyle belirlenir. Farklı temel parçacıklar olarak görünen şeyler ( Fotonlar, Zayif bozonlar, Glüonlar, Graviton vs. ), aslında temel bir sicimin çıkardığı farklı notalardır. Muazzam sayıda böyle titreşen sicimlerden oluşan evrenin, Kozmik Senfoniden farkı yoktur.
Kaynak: Evrenin Zerafeti, Brian Greene Düzenleyen : İnanç Kaya Kızılkaya
Editörün Notu:
* Standart Model , gözlemlenen maddeyi oluşturan, şimdiye dek bulunmuş temel parçacıkları ve bunların etkileşmesinde önemli olan 3 temel kuvveti açıklayan kuramdır. Temel parçacıklar, bilinen hiçbir alt yapısı olmayan parçacıklardır. Bu parçacıklar evreni oluşturan maddelerin temel yapıtaşıdır. Standart Model ‘de kuarklar, leptonlar ve ayar bozonları temel taneciklerdir. Sözü geçen 3 temel kuvvet: Elektromanyetik kuvvet, zayıf nükleer kuvvet (elektro-zayıf kuvvet) ve güçlü nükleer kuvvettir. Standart Model ‘in en büyük başarısı şimdiye dek birçok kez sınanmış olmasına rağmen atom altı parçacıkların özellikleri ile aralarındaki etkileşmelerine ait gözlenebilir nicelikleri büyük hassaslıkta tahmin edebilmesidir. Bununla birlikte yapılan daha hassas deneyler ile Standart Modeli’ n öngördüğü değerler arasında farklar bulunmaktadır.(wikipedia)
**Planck uzunluğunun fiziksel anlamı araştırma konusudur. Çünkü Planck uzunluğu mevcut uzunluklar ile kıyaslanırsa en küçük olanıdır. Bu uzunluğu doğrudan ölçebilecek hiçbir araç yoktur. Bu yüzden Planck uzunluğu araştırmaları çok teoriktir.(wikipedia)
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