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Karapınar, Toprağın Bittiği Yer!!! - Dünyalılar Türkiye’nin yüzde 89’u erozyon ve buna bağlı çölleşme riskiyle karşı karşıya… Otlar, çalılar, ağaçlar, sert esen rüzgâra ve akıp giden suya inat, toprağa tutunmaya çalışıyor. Toprağı savunan son bitkiler de giderse çölleşme kaçınılmaz olacak. Karapınar’da bir kumul tepesinin üstüne çöktüm. Arkamdan esen rüzgâra kapılmış kum taneleri yanaklarımı zımparalıyor. Omuzlarımdan sekerek gövdemin gölgesinde, önümde yığılıyor. Elimi uzatıyorum ve avcumun ayasında toplanan kumları seyrederken aklıma William Blake’in dizeleri geliyor:
Dünyayı görmek için bir kum tanesinde
Ve cenneti bir yaban çiçeğinde
Tut sonsuzluğu avcunun içinde
Ve ebediyeti bir saatin içinde…
Çöl ve cennet arasındaki çizginin ne kadar ince olduğunu görmenin en kolay yollarından biri Konya ovasındaki Karapınar ilçesinin güneybatısında yer alan çölleşme ile mücadele alanına gitmek.
TEMA Vakfı (Türkiye Erozyonla Mücadele, Ağaçlandırma ve Doğal Varlıkları Koruma Vakfı) Konya temsilcisi Namık Ceyhan’ın anlattığına göre, “Karapınar, şiddetli rüzgâr erozyonu nedeniyle 1960’lı yıllarda göç tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya kalmış.
Kumların rüzgârla taşınması sonucu kumul tepeleri yükselmiş, oluşan toz bulutları nedeniyle mera ve tarım arazileri verimliliğini kaybetmiş. Kum ve toz fırtınaları makineleri bozmuş, solunum hastalıkları baş göstermiş, çocuklar okula gidemez olmuş. Rüzgârla kalkan toz bulutları Konya-Adana karayolunda trafiği aksatmış hatta bazen yolun kapanmasına neden olmuş. Ve halk bölgeyi terk etmeye başlamış”…
Çölleşme, doğal iklim değişimleri ya da insanın doğayı tahribatı sonucunda kurak bölgelerin, çöl koşullarını taşıyan ekosistemlere dönüşmesiyle meydana geliyor. Ankara’ya kadar genişleyip bütün Anadolu’yu tehdit edeceği düşünülen Karapınar’daki çölleşme ise bugün özverili çalışmalarla durdurulmuş durumda. Ancak erozyon ve buna bağlı çölleşme Türkiye’yi tehdit etmeye devam ediyor.
Yapılan hesaplara göre Türkiye’nin yüzde 89’unda hafif, orta, şiddetli ve çok şiddetli olmak üzere erozyon ve buna bağlı olarak çölleşme riski var. Erozyonla her yıl kaybolan toprak miktarının bir milyar tonun üzerinde olduğu tahmin ediliyor. Bunun yarısından çoğu tarım alanlarından gidiyor.
TEMA Vakfı Danışmanı Prof.Dr. Necmettin Çepel, “Eğer sadece buğday ekili alanlardan kayıp giden topraklarla başka bir yerde 40 cm derinliğinde tarlalar oluşturulsaydı burada yılda 100 milyon somun ekmek yapacak buğday yetiştirilebilirdi” diyor.
TEMA Vakfı’ndan Celal Ergün ise “Yediğimiz gıdaların yüzde 78’ini doğrudan sağlayan toprağın erozyona uğraması, tuzlanması ve bunların sonucunda çölleşmesi gıda güvenliğimizi tehlikeye atıyor” görüşünü savunuyor. Bu son derece büyük tehlikenin Karapınar’da olduğu gibi önüne geçmek mümkün, fakat bunun için sorunun kökenine inmek gerek.
Karapınar halkı için ekmek teknesi olan, büyük sürüleri besleyip, verimli tarım alanlarını barındıran topraklar nasıl oldu da böylesine büyük bir çölleşme tehdidi ile karşı karşıya kaldı ve hangi nedenler onları topraklarını terk etmeye kadar götürdü?
Eski TOPRAKSU Konya Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürü Bahri Çelik, bunun nedenini birçok etkenin bir araya gelmesi olarak açıklıyor:
“Karapınar bölgesi eski bir göl yatağı. Buradaki kumlar gölün kuruması nedeniyle zamanla yüzeye çıkmış. Kumların üstünde tutunan otlar özellikle küçükbaş hayvancılığın yaygın olduğu bölgede, dipten ve aşırı otlatma sonucu ortadan kalktı, meralar tahrip oldu. Hayvanların yemediği fakat toprağı tutan geven, tapir, sığır kuyruğu ve benzeri bitkiler de yakacak olarak kullanılmak üzere söküldü.
Tarım arazilerinde ise toprağı tam devirerek işleyen pulluklar ve toprağı parçalayan diskler kullanıldı ve kumlu topraklar gevşedi”. Anlaşılan, sorumluluğun önemli bir kısmı toprağı koruyacak önlemleri ve yöntemleri uygulayamayan yöre halkında. Bölgenin iklim koşulları da cabası…
Yıllık ortalama yağış sadece 275 mm ve bitkilerin hızlı bir şekilde yeniden gelişimine uygun değil. “Topraklar çıplak kalınca,” diyor Çelik, “Güney-güneybatı yönünden esen ve hızı zaman zaman saatte 110 kilometreye çıkan rüzgârlar çölleşmeye neden oldu”. Bütün bu koşullar Karapınarlıları çözüm yolları aramaya götürmüş.
Karapınar Kaymakamlığı, tehdidi kamu kurumlarına anlatmış. Ve sonunda 1962 yılında çölleşme ile mücadele başlamış.
Dr. Uygar Özesmi
www.dunyalilar.org
Ocak 2013
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