20";display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.tie-container,#tie-wrapper{height:100%;min-height:650px}.tie-container{position:relative;overflow:hidden}#tie-wrapper{background:#fff;position:relative;z-index:108;height:100%;margin:0 auto}.container-wrapper{background:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:2px;padding:30px}#content{margin-top:30px}@media (max-width:991px){#content{margin-top:15px}}.site-content{-ms-word-wrap:break-word;word-wrap:break-word}.boxed-layout #tie-wrapper{max-width:1230px}.boxed-layout.wrapper-has-shadow #tie-wrapper{box-shadow:0 1px 7px rgba(171,171,171,.5)}@media (min-width:992px){.boxed-layout #tie-wrapper{width:95%}}.theme-header{background:#fff;position:relative;z-index:999}.theme-header:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}.theme-header.has-shadow{box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.1) 0px 25px 20px -20px}.is-stretch-header .container{max-width:100%}#menu-components-wrap{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.header-layout-2 #menu-components-wrap{-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.logo-row{position:relative}#logo{margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;display:block;float:left}#logo img{vertical-align:middle}#logo a{display:inline-block}.has-full-width-logo.is-stretch-header .logo-container{padding:0}.has-full-width-logo #logo{margin:0}.has-full-width-logo #logo a,.has-full-width-logo #logo img{width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.has-full-width-logo #logo,.header-layout-2 #logo{float:none;text-align:center}.has-full-width-logo #logo img,.header-layout-2 #logo img{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.has-full-width-logo .logo-container,.header-layout-2 .logo-container{width:100%;float:none}@media (max-width:991px){#theme-header.mobile-header-centered #logo{float:none;text-align:center}}.components{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-justify-content:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:end}.components>li{position:relative}.components>li.social-icons-item{margin:0}.components>li>a{display:block;position:relative;width:30px;text-align:center;font-size:16px;white-space:nowrap}.components .search-bar form{width:auto;background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);line-height:36px;border-radius:50px;position:relative}.top-nav-light .top-nav .components .search-bar form{background:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.components #search-input{border:0;width:100%;background:0 0;padding:0 35px 0 20px;border-radius:0;font-size:inherit}.components #search-submit{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:40px;line-height:inherit;color:#777;background:0 0;font-size:15px;padding:0;border:none}@media (max-width:991px){.logo-container{border-width:0;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}}.mobile-header-components{display:none;z-index:10;height:30px;line-height:30px;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex:1 1 0%;-ms-flex:1 1 0%;flex:1 1 0%}.mobile-header-components .components{float:none;display:-webkit-flex!important;display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-webkit-justify-content:stretch;-ms-flex-pack:stretch;justify-content:stretch}.mobile-header-components .components li.custom-menu-link{display:inline-block;float:none}.mobile-header-components .components li.custom-menu-link>a{width:20px;padding-bottom:15px}.mobile-header-components [class^=tie-icon-]{font-size:18px;width:20px;height:20px;vertical-align:middle}.mobile-header-components .tie-mobile-menu-icon{font-size:20px}.mobile-header-components .nav-icon{display:inline-block;width:20px;height:2px;background-color:var(--base-color);position:relative;top:-4px}.mobile-header-components .nav-icon:before,.mobile-header-components .nav-icon:after{position:absolute;right:0;background-color:var(--base-color);content:'';display:block;width:100%;height:100%;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.mobile-header-components .nav-icon:before{-webkit-transform:translateY(-7px);-ms-transform:translateY(-7px);transform:translateY(-7px)}.mobile-header-components .nav-icon:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(7px);-ms-transform:translateY(7px);transform:translateY(7px)}#mobile-header-components-area_1 .components li.custom-menu-link>a{margin-right:15px}#mobile-header-components-area_2 .components{-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}#mobile-header-components-area_2 .components li.custom-menu-link>a{margin-left:15px}@media (max-width:991px){.logo-container:before,.logo-container:after{height:1px}.mobile-components-row .logo-wrapper{height:auto!important}.mobile-components-row .logo-container{-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.mobile-components-row:not(.header-layout-1) #logo{-webkit-flex:1 0 100%;-ms-flex:1 0 100%;flex:1 0 100%;-webkit-order:-1;-ms-flex-order:-1;order:-1}.mobile-components-row .mobile-header-components{padding:5px 0;height:45px}.mobile-components-row .mobile-header-components .components li.custom-menu-link>a{padding-bottom:0}#tie-body #mobile-container,.mobile-header-components{display:block}}.top-nav{background-color:#fff;position:relative;z-index:10;line-height:40px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-width:1px 0;color:var(--base-color);clear:both}.main-nav-below.top-nav-above .top-nav{border-top-width:0}.top-nav a:not(.button):not(:hover){color:var(--base-color)}.top-nav .search-bar{margin-top:3px;margin-bottom:3px;line-height:34px}.topbar-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:40px}.top-nav .tie-alignleft,.top-nav .tie-alignright{-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;position:relative}.topbar-today-date{float:left;padding-right:15px;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.top-menu .menu a{padding:0 10px}.top-menu .menu li{position:relative}@media (max-width:991px){.top-nav:not(.has-breaking-news),.topbar-today-date,.top-menu,.theme-header .components{display:none}}.main-nav-wrapper{position:relative;z-index:4}.main-nav{background-color:var(--main-nav-background);color:var(--main-nav-primary-color);position:relative;border:1px solid var(--main-nav-main-border-color);border-width:1px 0}.main-menu-wrapper{position:relative}@media (min-width:992px){.header-menu .menu{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.header-menu .menu a{display:block;position:relative}.header-menu .menu>li>a{white-space:nowrap}#main-nav{z-index:9;line-height:60px}.main-menu .menu>li>a{padding:0 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700}nav.main-nav.menu-style-default .menu>li.tie-current-menu{border-bottom:5px solid var(--main-nav-primary-color);margin-bottom:-5px}nav.main-nav.menu-style-default .menu>li.tie-current-menu>a:after{content:"";width:20px;height:2px;position:absolute;margin-top:17px;left:50%;top:50%;bottom:auto;right:auto;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%);background:#2c2f34}nav.main-nav.menu-style-solid-bg .menu>li.tie-current-menu>a{background-color:var(--main-nav-primary-color);color:var(--main-nav-contrast-primary-color)}.main-nav .menu a{color:var(--main-nav-text-color)}.main-nav-dark{--main-nav-background:#1f2024;--main-nav-secondry-background:rgba(0,0,0,.2);--main-nav-primary-color:var(--brand-color);--main-nav-contrast-primary-color:var(--bright-color);--main-nav-text-color:#fff;--main-nav-secondry-text-color:rgba(225,255,255,.5);--main-nav-main-border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.07);--main-nav-secondry-border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.04)}.main-nav-dark .main-nav{border-width:0}}@media (min-width:992px){.main-nav-boxed .main-nav{border-width:0}.main-nav-boxed .main-menu-wrapper{float:left;width:100%;background-color:var(--main-nav-background);padding-right:15px}}.main-nav-boxed .main-nav:not(.fixed-nav){background:0 0!important}@media only screen and (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1100px){.main-nav .menu>li:not(.is-icon-only)>a{padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px}.main-nav .menu>li:not(.is-icon-only)>a:before{display:none}}@media (max-width:991px){#tie-wrapper header#theme-header{box-shadow:none;background:0 0!important}.logo-container{border-width:0;box-shadow:0 3px 7px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.logo-container{background-color:#fff}.header-layout-2 .main-nav-wrapper{display:none}.main-menu-wrapper .main-menu-wrap{width:100%}}@media (max-width:767px){.magazine1:not(.has-builder):not(.error404) .main-content,.magazine1:not(.has-builder):not(.error404) .sidebar{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}textarea,input{border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);color:var(--base-color);font-size:13px;outline:none;padding:10px 12px;line-height:23px;border-radius:2px;max-width:100%;background-color:transparent}textarea,input:not([type=checkbox]):not([type=radio]){-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;outline:none}textarea{width:100%}@media (max-width:767px){input:not([type=submit]),textarea{font-size:16px!important}}[type=submit]{width:auto;position:relative;background-color:var(--tie-buttons-color,var(--brand-color));color:var(--tie-buttons-text,var(--bright-color));border-radius:var(--tie-buttons-radius,2px);border:var(--tie-buttons-border-width,0) solid var(--tie-buttons-border-color,var(--brand-color));padding:10px 25px;margin:0;font-weight:600;font-size:14px;display:inline-block;text-align:center;line-height:21px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}@media (min-width:992px){.sidebar-right .main-content{float:left}.sidebar-right .sidebar{float:right}.sidebar-right.magazine1 .main-content{padding-right:3px}}.post-meta{margin:10px 0 8px;font-size:12px;overflow:hidden}.post-meta{color:#666}.post-meta .meta-item{margin-right:8px;display:inline-block}.post-meta .meta-item.tie-icon:before{padding-right:3px}.post-meta .meta-item.date:before{content:"\f017"}.post-meta .tie-alignright .meta-item:last-child{margin:0!important}@media (max-width:767px){.entry-header .post-meta>span,.entry-header .post-meta>div,.main-content .post-meta>span,.main-content .post-meta>div{float:left}}.very-hot{color:#f11e1e}.post-cat-wrap{position:relative;z-index:3;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:400;font-family:inherit!important;line-height:0;display:block}.post-cat{display:inline-block;background:var(--brand-color);color:var(--bright-color);padding:0 11px;font-size:13px;line-height:2em;margin-right:4px;position:relative;white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal;letter-spacing:0;border-radius:4px}.post-cat:first-child:last-child{margin:0}#breadcrumb{margin:50px 0 0}#breadcrumb,#breadcrumb a:not(:hover){color:#666}#breadcrumb .delimiter{margin:0 3px;font-style:normal}.entry-header-outer #breadcrumb{margin:0 0 20px;padding:0}@media (max-width:767px){.single-post #breadcrumb .current,.single-post #breadcrumb em:last-of-type{display:none}}.social-icons-item{float:right;margin-left:6px;position:relative}.social-icons-item .social-link span{color:var(--base-color);line-height:unset}.social-icons-widget .social-icons-item .social-link{width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;display:block;text-align:center;border-radius:2px}.top-nav .components>li.social-icons-item .social-link:not(:hover) span{color:var(--base-color)}.social-icons-item .facebook-social-icon{background-color:#4080ff!important}.social-icons-item .facebook-social-icon span{color:#4080ff}.social-icons-item .twitter-social-icon{background-color:#000!important}.social-icons-item .twitter-social-icon span{color:#000}.social-icons-item .youtube-social-icon{background-color:#ef4e41!important}.social-icons-item .youtube-social-icon span{color:#ef4e41}.social-icons-item .rss-social-icon{background-color:#faa33d!important}.social-icons-item .rss-social-icon span{color:#faa33d}ul:not(.solid-social-icons) .social-icons-item a:not(:hover){background-color:transparent!important}.solid-social-icons .social-link{background-color:var(--base-color)}.dark-skin .solid-social-icons .social-link{background-color:#27292d;border-color:#27292d}.solid-social-icons .social-link span{color:#fff!important}.entry-header{padding:30px 30px 0;margin-bottom:20px}@media (max-width:991px){.entry-header{padding:20px 20px 0}}@media (max-width:767px){.container-wrapper{padding:20px 15px}}.thumb-overlay{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;padding:30px;border-radius:2px}.thumb-overlay .thumb-content{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;padding:0 30px 20px;z-index:3;width:100%;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.thumb-overlay .thumb-title a{color:#fff!important}.thumb-overlay .thumb-title{font-size:30px;color:#fff}.thumb-overlay .thumb-meta{margin:0 0 5px}.thumb-overlay{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.thumb-overlay:after{content:"";position:absolute;z-index:1;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:65%;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent,rgba(0,0,0,.75));-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay:after{height:85%}.slider-area .post-cat-wrap{float:left}.slider-area .post-cat-wrap{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.main-slider .slide{position:relative;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center top;background-size:cover}.main-slider .tie-slick-slider:not(.slick-initialized) .slide{display:none}.main-slider .thumb-meta{color:#fff}@media (max-width:479px){.main-slider .thumb-title{font-size:16px!important}}@media (max-width:320px){.main-slider .post-cat,.main-slider .thumb-meta{display:none}}.all-over-thumb-link{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;z-index:2}.block-head-4 .has-block-head-4{position:relative;opacity:.99;display:inline-block!important;width:auto;font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:20px;padding:5px 10px;color:var(--bright-color)}.block-head-4 .has-block-head-4:before{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:var(--brand-color);z-index:-1}.block-head-4 #cancel-comment-reply-link{color:var(--bright-color)}.block-head-4 .widget-title{padding:0 10px}.block-head-4 .widget-title .the-subtitle{line-height:27px}.block-head-4#tie-body .widget-title{color:#fff}.block-head-4#tie-body .widget-title:before{background:#111}.block-head-4 span.widget-title-icon{float:left;margin-right:10px;line-height:27px;position:static;color:#fff}.block-head-4 .widget-title{opacity:.99}.block-head-6 .has-block-head-4:after{content:'';position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:70%;height:100%;background-color:var(--brand-color);-webkit-transform:skew(-40deg) translateX(14px);-ms-transform:skew(-40deg) translateX(14px);transform:skew(-40deg) translateX(14px);z-index:-1}.block-head-6#tie-body .widget-title:after{background:#111}.wide-slider-wrapper .slide{height:400px}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay{padding:40px}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay .container{position:relative;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:2}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay .container:before{clear:both}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-title{font-size:40px;color:#fff;line-height:1.2}.wide-slider-wrapper span.post-cat-wrap{float:none;clear:both}@media (min-width:992px){.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-title{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:3;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-height:4em}}@media (max-width:767px){.wide-slider-wrapper .slide{height:300px}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay{padding:40px 60px 0}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-title{font-size:25px}}@media (max-width:479px){.wide-slider-wrapper .slide{height:220px}.wide-slider-wrapper .thumb-overlay{padding:40px 40px 0}}.wide-slider-with-navfor-wrapper .thumb-title{max-width:850px;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}@media (min-width:768px){.wide-slider-with-navfor-wrapper .thumb-title{max-height:2.5em;-webkit-line-clamp:2;font-size:30px}}.wide-slider-nav-wrapper .thumb-meta{color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:2px}.slider-vertical-navigation .post-cat-wrap{margin-bottom:10px}.slider-vertical-navigation .thumb-meta{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}@media (min-width:768px){.slider-vertical-navigation .slider-main-container .thumb-overlay{padding-top:90px}.slider-vertical-navigation .slider-main-container .thumb-overlay .container{top:20px;-webkit-transform:none;-ms-transform:none;transform:none;width:60%;margin-left:0;padding:0}}.slider-vertical-navigation .thumb-meta>span{display:inline-block}.slider-vertical-navigation .thumb-content{padding:0;position:relative}.vertical-slider-nav .thumb-meta{display:none}.side-aside{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:111;visibility:hidden;width:350px;max-width:100%;height:100%;background:#fff;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center top;background-size:cover;overflow-y:auto}@media (min-width:992px){.side-aside{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(350px,0);-ms-transform:translate(350px,0);transform:translate(350px,0)}.side-aside:not(.slide-sidebar-desktop){display:none}}.site-footer .widget-title-icon{display:none}.dark-skin{--lazyload-loading-color:#161717}.dark-skin{background-color:var(--tie-dark-skin-bg-main,#1f2024);color:#fff}.dark-skin input:not([type=submit]){color:#ccc}.dark-skin a:not(:hover){color:#fff}.dark-skin input:not([type=submit]){border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}.dark-skin .widget-title-icon{color:#ccc}.sidebar .container-wrapper{margin-bottom:30px}@media (max-width:991px){.sidebar .container-wrapper{margin-bottom:15px}}@media (max-width:991px){.has-sidebar .sidebar{margin-top:15px}}.widget-title{position:relative}.widget-title .the-subtitle{font-size:15px;min-height:15px}.widget-title-icon{position:absolute;right:0;top:1px;color:#b9bec3;font-size:15px}.widget-title-icon:before{content:"\f08d"}form.search-form{overflow:auto;position:relative;width:100%;margin-top:10px}.search-field{float:left;width:73%;padding:8px 15px}.search-submit[type=submit]{float:right;padding:10px 5px;margin-left:2%;width:25%}.stream-item-widget .widget-title-icon:before{content:"\f0a1"}.facebook-widget .widget-title-icon:before{content:"\f09a"}.social-icons-widget .widget-title-icon:before{content:"\f1e0"}.social-icons-widget ul{margin:0 -3px}.social-icons-widget .social-icons-item{float:left;margin:3px;border-bottom:0;padding:0}.social-icons-widget .social-icons-item .social-link{width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;font-size:18px}@media (max-width:479px){.social-icons-widget .social-icons-item{float:none;display:inline-block}}.widget_archive .widget-title-icon:before{content:"\f187"}@media (min-width:992px){.theme-header .logo-row>div{height:auto!important}}#mobile-container{display:none;padding:10px 30px 30px}#mobile-menu{margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;padding-top:15px}#mobile-social-icons{margin-bottom:15px}#mobile-social-icons ul{text-align:center;overflow:hidden}#mobile-social-icons ul .social-icons-item{float:none;display:inline-block}#mobile-social-icons .social-icons-item{margin:0}#mobile-social-icons .social-icons-item .social-link{background:0 0;border:none}#mobile-search .search-form{overflow:hidden;position:relative}#mobile-search .search-form:after{position:absolute;content:"\f002";font-family:'tiefonticon';top:4px;right:10px;line-height:30px;width:30px;font-size:16px;border-radius:50%;text-align:center;color:#fff}#mobile-search .search-field{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1);color:#fff;width:100%;border-radius:50px;padding:7px 45px 7px 20px}#mobile-search .search-submit{background:0 0;font-size:0;width:35px;height:38px;position:absolute;top:0;right:5px;z-index:1}#mobile-search input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}#mobile-search input::-moz-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}#mobile-search input:-moz-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}#mobile-search input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)}#tie-wrapper:after{position:absolute;z-index:1000;top:-10%;left:-50%;width:0;height:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.2);content:'';opacity:0}@media (max-width:991px){.side-aside.appear-from-left{left:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-100%,0);-ms-transform:translate(-100%,0);transform:translate(-100%,0)}}.is-desktop .side-aside .has-custom-scroll{padding:50px 0 0}.side-aside:after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.2);content:'';opacity:1}a.remove{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;speak:never;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:15px}a.remove:before{content:"\e117";font-family:'tiefonticon';color:#e74c3c}a.remove.big-btn{width:25px;height:25px;line-height:25px;font-size:22px}a.remove.light-btn:not(:hover):before{color:#fff}.side-aside a.remove{z-index:1;top:15px;left:50%;right:auto;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%)}.side-aside a.remove:not(:hover):before{color:#111}.side-aside.dark-skin a.remove:not(:hover):before{color:#fff}.tie-popup a.remove{-webkit-transform:scale(.2);-ms-transform:scale(.2);transform:scale(.2);opacity:0;top:15px;right:15px;z-index:1}.theiaStickySidebar:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}.side-aside,.has-custom-scroll{overflow-x:hidden;scrollbar-width:thin}.side-aside::-webkit-scrollbar,.has-custom-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar{width:5px}.side-aside::-webkit-scrollbar-track,.has-custom-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:0 0}.side-aside::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.has-custom-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-radius:20px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.dark-skin .has-custom-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:#000}.tie-popup{position:fixed;z-index:99999;left:0;top:0;height:100%;width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:none;-webkit-perspective:600px;perspective:600px}.pop-up-live-search{will-change:transform,opacity;-webkit-transform:scale(.7);-ms-transform:scale(.7);transform:scale(.7);opacity:0}.tie-popup-search-wrap::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#fff}.tie-popup-search-wrap::-moz-placeholder{color:#fff}.tie-popup-search-wrap:-moz-placeholder{color:#fff}.tie-popup-search-wrap:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#fff}.tie-popup-search-wrap form{position:relative;height:80px;margin-bottom:20px}.popup-search-wrap-inner{position:relative;padding:80px 15px 0;margin:0 auto;max-width:800px}input.tie-popup-search-input{width:100%;height:80px;line-height:80px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.7)!important;font-weight:500;font-size:22px;border:0;padding-right:80px;padding-left:30px;color:#fff;border-radius:5px}button.tie-popup-search-submit{font-size:28px;color:#666;position:absolute;right:5px;top:15px;background:0 0!important}#tie-popup-search-mobile .popup-search-wrap-inner{padding-top:50px}#tie-popup-search-mobile input.tie-popup-search-input{height:50px;line-height:1;padding-left:20px;padding-right:50px}#tie-popup-search-mobile button.tie-popup-search-submit{font-size:16px;top:9px;right:0}.tie-icon-messenger:before{content:"\f39f"}.tie-icon-facebook:before{content:"\f09a"}.tie-icon-search:before{content:"\f002"}.tie-icon-home:before{content:"\f015"}.tie-icon-bookmark:before{content:"\f02e"}.tie-icon-twitter:before{content:"\e90f"}.tie-icon-feed:before{content:"\f09e"}.tie-icon-youtube:before{content:"\f16a"}.tie-icon-paper-plane:before{content:"\f1d8"}.tie-icon-whatsapp:before{content:"\f232"}.tie-icon-fire:before{content:"\e900"}.post-content.container-wrapper{padding:0}.entry-header{font-size:45px;line-height:1.2}@media (max-width:767px){.entry-header{font-size:28px}}.entry-header .entry-title{margin-bottom:15px}@media (max-width:767px){.entry-header .entry-title{font-size:28px}}.entry-header .post-cat{margin-bottom:6px}.entry-header .post-meta{overflow:inherit;font-size:12px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:0;line-height:24px}.entry-header .post-meta .meta-item{margin-right:12px}.entry-header .post-meta{color:#333}.entry-header .post-meta .tie-alignright{display:inline}@media (max-width:767px){.entry-header .post-meta{margin-bottom:-8px}.entry-header .post-meta .tie-alignright{float:none}.entry-header .post-meta .meta-item,.entry-header .post-meta .tie-alignright .meta-item:last-child{margin-bottom:8px!important}.entry-header .post-meta>span,.entry-header .post-meta>div{float:initial!important}}.fullwidth-entry-title{background-color:transparent;margin:30px 0 0;padding:30px 0;border:none;box-shadow:none!important}@media (max-width:991px){.fullwidth-entry-title{margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px}}.post-layout-3 .fullwidth-entry-title{padding:0}.post-layout-3 .entry-header{padding:0;margin:0}.fullwidth-entry-title .tie-alignright{float:none}.featured-area{position:relative;margin-bottom:30px;line-height:1}@media (max-width:767px){.featured-area{margin-bottom:20px}}.featured-area img{width:100%}.single-featured-image{position:relative;margin:0;line-height:0}@media (max-width:767px){.fullwidth-entry-title{padding:20px 15px}}.share-buttons{padding:18px 28px;line-height:0}@media (max-width:767px){.share-buttons{padding:15px}}.share-buttons-mobile{position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:999999;width:100%;background:0 0;border:0 none;padding:0}.share-buttons-mobile .share-links a{margin:0;border-radius:0;width:1%;display:table-cell;opacity:1!important}.share-buttons-mobile .share-links a .share-btn-icon{margin:0 auto;float:none}@media (min-width:768px){.share-buttons-mobile{display:none}}.mobile-share-buttons-spacer{height:40px}@media (min-width:768px){.mobile-share-buttons-spacer{display:none}}.share-links a{color:#fff}.share-links{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.share-links .share-btn-icon{font-size:15px}.share-links a{display:inline-block;margin:2px;height:40px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;border-radius:2px;width:40px}.share-links a,.share-links a:before{background-color:#444}.share-links a.large-share-button{width:auto}.share-links a .share-btn-icon{width:40px;height:40px;float:left;display:block;text-align:center;line-height:40px}.share-links a .social-text{border:0 solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);border-left-width:1px;padding-left:15px;height:20px;float:left;margin-top:10px;padding-right:25px;font-size:12px;line-height:20px;font-family:"open sans",sans-serif}.icons-text .large-share-button{height:30px}.icons-text .large-share-button .social-text{padding-left:6px;padding-right:8px;height:20px;margin-top:5px;line-height:20px;font-size:10px}.icons-text .large-share-button .share-btn-icon{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:30px}.share-links a.facebook-share-btn,.share-links a.facebook-share-btn:before{background:#4080ff}.share-links a.twitter-share-btn,.share-links a.twitter-share-btn:before{background:#000}.share-links a.whatsapp-share-btn,.share-links a.whatsapp-share-btn:before{background:#43d854}.share-links a.telegram-share-btn,.share-links a.telegram-share-btn:before{background:#08c}.share-links a.messenger-share-btn,.share-links a.messenger-share-btn:before{background:#0078ff}@media (max-width:767px){.social-text{display:none}}@media (min-width:768px){a.whatsapp-share-btn,a.telegram-share-btn{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:768px){a.messenger-mob-share-btn{display:none!important}}#cancel-comment-reply-link{float:right;line-height:18px}.has-block-head-4 #cancel-comment-reply-link{margin-left:50px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6}#respond p{margin-bottom:10px}#respond p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#respond label{line-height:30px;font-weight:700}#respond label:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}#respond textarea{vertical-align:top;resize:none}#reading-position-indicator{display:block;height:5px;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;background:var(--brand-color);box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,136,255,.7);width:0;z-index:9999;max-width:100%}#post-extra-info{display:none}#main-nav .main-menu>ul>li>a{font-size:16px}:root:root{--brand-color:#3b5998;--dark-brand-color:#092766;--bright-color:#fff;--base-color:#2c2f34}#reading-position-indicator{box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(59,89,152,.7)}:root:root{--brand-color:#3b5998;--dark-brand-color:#092766;--bright-color:#fff;--base-color:#2c2f34}#reading-position-indicator{box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(59,89,152,.7)}#top-nav{background-color:#3b5998}#top-nav *{border-color:rgba(#fff,.08)}#top-nav a:not(:hover),#top-nav input,#top-nav #search-submit,#top-nav .components>li .social-link:not(:hover) span{color:#f6f7f9}#top-nav input::-moz-placeholder{color:#f6f7f9}#top-nav input:-moz-placeholder{color:#f6f7f9}#top-nav input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#f6f7f9}#top-nav input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#f6f7f9}#top-nav{--tie-buttons-color:#fff;--tie-buttons-border-color:#fff;--tie-buttons-text:#000;--tie-buttons-hover-color:#e1e1e1}#top-nav{color:#fff}#main-nav .main-menu-wrapper{background-color:#f6f7f9}#main-nav{border-width:0}#theme-header #main-nav:not(.fixed-nav){bottom:0}.main-nav-boxed #main-nav .main-menu-wrapper{border-width:0}#main-nav a:not(:hover){color:#365899}.main-nav{--main-nav-primary-color:#3b5998;--tie-buttons-color:#3b5998;--tie-buttons-border-color:#3b5998;--tie-buttons-text:#fff;--tie-buttons-hover-color:#1d3b7a}#main-nav .menu>li.tie-current-menu>a{color:#fff}#main-nav .menu>li.tie-current-menu>a:before{border-top-color:#fff}#main-nav{color:#4b4f56}body .social-icons-widget .social-icons-item .social-link,body .post-cat{border-radius:35px}body textarea,body input{border-radius:5px}body .container-wrapper,body .widget,body .slider-vertical-navigation .slide,body.single-post .featured-area{border-radius:15px}body.single-post .featured-area{overflow:hidden}
Nuremberg Mahkemesi (Judgment At Nuremberg) Nuremberg Mahkemesi (Judgment At Nuremberg), ya da Nuremberg Duruşması adıyla bilinen yapım, sinema tarihinin en çarpıcı hukuk filmlerinden biridir. Filmin yapımcılığını ve yönetmenliğin Stankey Kramer üstlenmiş, mükemmel oyunculuk ve gerçek bir hikaye ile kült bir film çekilerek tarihe not düşülmüştür.
Nuremberg Mahkemesi (Judgment At Nuremberg), 1946 – 1949 yıllarında Nürnberg’teki 12 yargılamadan 1947’de yapılanı anlatmaktadır. Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Judy Garland, Marlene Dietrich, William Shatner gibi oyuncuların varlığı filme güç katmıştır. Son derece başarılı bir mahkeme filmi olan sinemacılar tarafından başyapıt olarak kabul edilen film, iki dalda Oscar kazanmıştır. Filmin süresi 3 saatten fazladır ve klasik Amerikan filmlerinde olduğu gibi sadece avukatlar ön plana çıkmamakta, yargıç rolündeki karakterler geri planda kalmamaktadır.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında yaşanan gerçek olaylara odaklanan film, emir komuta zincirinde suç işleyen kişileri konu almaktadır. Nuremberg Mahkemesi (Judgment At Nuremberg) izleyiciyi sarsan bir sinematografi ile Hitler’in emrinde çalışan faşist rejime mensup, savaş suçlusu dört yargıcın yargılanmasını ve arka plandaki soykırımı işlemektedir. Yyaptıkları insanlık suçlarının görüşülmesi için mahkemeye çıkan dört hakim, dönemin meşhur kurumu Nürnberg Mahkemeleri’nde yargılanmaktadır. Soğuk savaş sürmektedir ve birçok insan II. Dünya Savaşı’nda yaşanan acı olayları unutmak istemektedir. Suçları hakkında hiçbir şüphe olmamasına rağmen politik baskılar nedeniyle tereddüt geçiren yargıç Haywood, eylemlerini yasal hale getiren dört yargıç hakkında en doğru kararı vermek zorundadır.
Nuremberg Mahkemesi (Judgment At Nuremberg), ikinci dünya savaşından galip çıkan devletlerden olan ABD yapımı olmasına karşın objektif bir şekilde çekilmiş bir sinema yapımı olarak değerlendirilmekte, oyuncuların performansı ve türünün en iyi örneklerinden olması nedeniyle kült film olarak kabul görmektedir. İyi ve kötü kavramlarını derinlemesine inceleyen film, Almanya’nın karanlık döneminde işlenen insanlık suçlarından tüm dünya ülkelerinin ve insanlığın sorumlu olduğu mesajını vermektedir. Gerçekte kimin suçlu olduğunun felsefi tartışmasını yapılırken gerçek olaylar üzerinden hareket edilmekte, mahkeme kayıtlarının repliğe döküldüğü izlenimi yaratılmaktadır.
Nuremberg Uluslararası Askerî Ceza Mahkemesi Hakkında İkinci Dünya Savaşı son edikten sonra, insanlığa verilen zararlar ve çekilen acılar nedeniyle daha önce uygulanmamış olan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Kurulması fikri uluslararası toplumda kabul görmüş, savaşı kazanan devletler tarafından verilen karar sonucunda, geçici ve özel yetkiye sahip mahkeme kurulması kararlaştırılmış, Birleşmiş Milletlerin almış olduğu karara dayanarak Nürnberg Uluslararası Askeri Savaş Suçları Mahkemesi kurulmuştur.
Sovyetler Birliği yargılamanın Berlin’de yapılmasını istemesine karşın yargılamalar yıkılmış olan Berlin yerine Nürnberg’de yapılmıştır. Nürnberg’in propaganda merkezi olması sembolik açıdan da öneml bulunmuştur. Nürnberg’de birden fazla mahkeme kurulmustur ve en bilineni International Military Tribunal of Nurnberg’dir. Dört Müttefik devlet, ABD, Britanya, Sovyetler Birliği ve Fransa, birer yargıç ve savcı ekibi göndermiştir.
Mahkeme kuralları, Kıta Amerikası ve Anglo-Amerikan yargı sistemlerinin birlikte uygulanması sonucu oluşmuştur. Yargılamalar sırasındaki tüm konuşmalar, tercümanlar yoluyla İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca ve Rusça’ya tercüme edilmiş, kulaklıklı simultane çeviri sistemi tarihte ilk kez Nürnberg Uluslararası Askeri Savaş Suçları Mahkemesinde uygulanmıştır.
Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyinin, 1947 yılında aldığı karar sonucunda her galip ülke kontrolü altındaki bölgede askeri mahkeme kurma hakkı elde etmiş, ABD bu mahkemeyi Nürnberg’de kurmuştur.
Nuremberg(Nürnberg) Uluslararası Askerî Ceza Mahkemesi yargılamaları, Uluslararası Ceza Hukukunun başlangıcı olarak kabul edilebilecek uygulamalar yapmış, sanıklar, “barışa karşı suç işlemek”, “savaş suçları” ve “insanlığa karşı suçlar” kapsamında, cinayet, kitle imha, köleleştirme, sürgün, insanlık suçları, eziyet ve işkence eylemleri ile itham edilmiş ve yargılanmışlardır.
Politik nedenlerle veya ırk ve din ayrımcılığına dayanılarak herhangi bir halka karşı gerçekleştirilen cinayet, toplu öldürme, sürgün ve benzeri tüm insanlık dışı eylemleri tanımlamakta kullanılan “İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar” kavramı ilk defa bu mahkemelerde kullanılmış, mahkemelerin bazı uygulamaları ise, ceza hukukunun yerleşik bazı prensiplerini çiğnediği yönünde eleştirilmiştir.
Dünyalılar
Filmin kısa bir tanıtımını şuradan izleyebilirsiniz.
Siteye eklediğimiz son yazılara göz gezdirmek isterseniz…
Sonrakini Oku 03/05/2019
Hakikat Ve Bir Höyük: Göbekli Tepe 12/01/2019
Üç Maymunun Hikayesi 30/11/2018
Hammurabi’den Bağımsızlık Bildirgesine Uzanan Hayali Bir Düzen 27/11/2018
Ev Kadınlarının ‘Hayat Pahalı’ Ayaklanmaları 23/08/2018
Sacco ve Vanzetti 16/07/2022
Devlet Adamlığı ve Felsefe 29/12/2021
Platon’un Hayatı ve Felsefe Tarihindeki Önemi 20/02/2021
Nüremberg Mahkemesinden Bugüne Bakmak 17/02/2021
İmparatorluklar Çöktü Biri Hariç! 20/03/2020
Tarihi Değiştiren Hastalıklar ve Korona 03/05/2019
Hakikat Ve Bir Höyük: Göbekli Tepe 12/01/2019
Üç Maymunun Hikayesi 30/11/2018
Hammurabi’den Bağımsızlık Bildirgesine Uzanan Hayali Bir Düzen 27/11/2018
Ev Kadınlarının ‘Hayat Pahalı’ Ayaklanmaları 23/08/2018
Sacco ve Vanzetti 16/07/2022
Devlet Adamlığı ve Felsefe 29/12/2021
Platon’un Hayatı ve Felsefe Tarihindeki Önemi 20/02/2021
Nüremberg Mahkemesinden Bugüne Bakmak 17/02/2021
İmparatorluklar Çöktü Biri Hariç! 20/03/2020
Tarihi Değiştiren Hastalıklar ve Korona
Başa dön tuşu