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Yeneceksiniz Fakat İkna Edemeyeceksiniz! - Dünyalılar “Yeneceksiniz fakat ikna edemeyeceksiniz!”
“Vencereis pero no convencereis!”
General Franco rejiminde milliyetçiler her yerde olduğu gibi akademisyen Miguel de Unamuno’nun rektörü olduğu Salamanca Üniversitesinde de örgütlenmeye çalışıyor ve tacizlerde bulunuyorlardı.
1937: İspanyol Diktatör General Francisco Franco. (Fotoğraf: Hulton Arşivi/Getty Images) Milliyetçiler 12 Eylül 1936’da rektörün de iznini almadan “Irk Şenliği” düzenler. Unamuno’un da bulunduğu mekanda Franco taraftarları falanjistler şov yaparken kürsüye Francocu General Millan-Astray çıkar.
General Astray, iç ve dış tehlikelerden bahsedip aydınlara hakaret ettikten sonra bolca faşizm övgüsü yaparken konuşması Viva la muerta! (Yaşasın ölüm!) nidaları ile sonlanır. Bunun üzerine kürsüye çıkan rektör Unamuno, faşistlerin tüm müdahalelerine rağmen şunları söyler:
“Neler söyleyeceğimi merak ediyorsunuz. Öte yandan, beni çok iyi tanıyorsunuz. Böyle bir dönemde susamam. Susmak, yalan söylemek olur. Çünkü susmak, boyun eğmektir. Az önce burada ölüsevicilerin anlamsız çığlığını duydum, ‘yaşasın ölüm’ diye bir slogan atıldı…
Bunu söyleyen General Millan Astray bir sakattır. Cervantes de öyleydi. Fakat General Astray, Cervantes gibi büyük bir adam olmadığı için, amacı bütün İspanya’yı da sakatlamak, kendine benzetmek!
Siz kazanacaksınız, çünkü kaba kuvvet sizin elinizde…
Fakat sizde akıl da yok, hak hukuk da… Sizin gibi insanlara ‘İspanya’yı düşünün’ demeye gerek bile görmüyorum…
Yeneceksiniz fakat ikna edemeyeceksiniz!
(Vencereis pero no convencereis!”)
İspanya’da 1936 – 1939 yılllarında yaşanan iç savaş, yarım milyondan fazla insanın ölümüne ya da yaralanmasına ve sonrasında bir milyondan fazla insanın sürgün edilmesine neden oldu. Hitler’in de desteğiyle savaşı kazanan faşistler, 1975 yılına kadar Franco liderliğinde iktidarda kaldılar.
Pablo Picasso – Guernica, 1937 Guernica, Pablo Picasso tarafından 1937’de yapılan, İspanya İç Savaşı sırasında Nazi Almanyası’na ait 28 bombardıman uçağının 26 Nisan 1937’de İspanya’daki Guernica şehrini bombalamasını anlatan, 7,76 m eninde ve 3,49 m yüksekliğinde anıtsal tablodur. Saldırı sırasında 250 ila 1.600 kişi hayatını kaybetmiş, çok daha fazla sayıda kişi de yaralanmıştı.
Franco dönemini detaylı olarak incelemenizi öneririm.
El caudillo (lider) sıfatıyla İspanyol devletine Falanj Partisi’nin siyasal ilkelerinden esinlenerek totaliter, baskıcı bir yapı kurdu. Ordu, kilise ve büyük toprak sahiplerinin desteğiyle her türlü muhalefeti susturdu. Ayrıca Bask bölgesinde ve Katalonya’da İspanya’nın toprak bütünlüğünü tehdit ettiği gerekçesiyle bölgesel otonomiye tümüyle son verdi. Franco, İspanya’da bölgesel ayrılıkçılığı engellemek için ülke genelinde İspanyolca dışında Baskça ve Katalanca gibi yerel dillere bir dizi yasak getirmekte de gecikmedi. İspanya onun döneminde katı bir şekilde merkezden yönetilen bir ülke oldu. Tıpkı iç savaşta olduğu gibi Franco’nun güçlü olduğu dönemlerde de Katalan ve Basklılar’ın bazı ayrılıkçı ayaklanmaları olmuş; ancak her defasında bu isyanlar Franco’nun askerleri tarafından sert bir şekilde bastırılmıştır. Ayrıca Franco iç savaşta da burjuvaziden ve kiliseden büyük destek almıştır.
Koyu bir Katolik olan Diktatör Franco, İspanyol kadınının çalışma hayatına ciddi kısıtlamalar getirdi. Sürekli olarak İspanyollar’ın çok çocuk sahibi olmalarını istemiş ve İspanyol halkını buna ikna etmeye çalışmıştır. Ülkedeki Franco karşıtları, ya hapishanelere gönderilmiş ya da vatandaşlıktan çıkarılarak ülkeden sınır dışı edilmiştir. Komünistler, sosyalistler, cumhuriyetçiler ve eşcinseller fişlenmiş veya tutuklanmıştır. İngiliz yazar George Orwell’ın bilim kurgu romanı olan 1984, Franco İspanyasından esinlenerek yazılmıştır. Ayrıca İspanya İç Savaşı’nın anlatıldığı, Amerikalı yazar Ernest Hemingway imzalı Nobel ödüllü ‘Çanlar Kimin için Çalıyor’ romanı da İspanya’nın kötü şöhretine dair önemli eserlerden biridir.
Franco’nun ölümünün ardından İspanya’da Bask ve Katalanlar’a özerklikleri geri verildi.
General Francisco Franco, ideolojik olarak laiklik uygulamalarına karşı çıkan tutucu, gelenekçi ve köktencidir.
Deniz Kartal
Kaynaklar ve alıntı: biography.com, wikipedia, pablopicasso .org, İlyas Danyeli,
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